![]() Only Noldeke (1860) and Goossens quoted by Jeffery (1924), have gone into the text and tried to look for textual links. The above survey shows that whatever is stated is based on extratrextual knowledge. Islahi (1989) and Taba Tabai (1973) point to the need for further research in this area. Besides, Bellarmy (1973) highlights them as the abbreviations of Basmala (the first verse of every chapter of Quranic text except chapter no: 12) and proposes radical changes in the letters themselves. Goossens statets the letters as “the remains of the names of suras” and proposes a new ordering of some suras. in Seale, 1957) defines them as “ memoria technica” a device which recollect the relative notions of the term. Loth (q.Jeffery, ibid) describes that these letters are the result of “kabalistic influence on the Prophet.” Goossens, (q. Jones (1962) calls them “battle cries”, “contractions of words and phrases”, for ordering the Qur’anic text. Noldeke (1860 q.Jeffery1924) and Massey (1996) are of the view that that these are the ‘scribe markers’. Khalifa (1989) calculates them to stand for the number 19 saying that every alaphabet stands for a mathe matical number and the prefixed chapters have these letters in such a number that ultimately can be added to become the dividend of 19. Taba Tabai in (Tafsir Al Mizan, 1973, p.6) says that there is a strange relationship between these letters and the suras they occur. ![]() 68) opines that these stand for numerical symbolism. Ibne Arabi says, “These stand for philosophical symbolism.” Muqatil, quoted by Tabrasi in ( Majma’ul Bayan, p. Ibn-e-Sina quoted by Shirazi (1957, p.198) provides a highly philosophical interpretation. 144) highlight that these letters are the names of chapters (suras). Similarly, Taba Tabai (1973) identifies these letters as the “speciality of Qur’an.” Mujahid and Qutada quoted by Tusi (1957) in Tibyan fi Tafsiril Qur’an, “the opening of the Qur’an.” Abu Muslim quoted by Tusi (ibid) calls them, “part of the challenge of Qur’an.” and “a tool to attract polytheists.” Moreover, Tabari defines that ( ALM) are “the secrets of Qur’an” (Tabari, 1335, p. ![]() Shirazi and ‘umar bin ‘ali (1998, p.253) quotes Sha ‘bi as calling them “the secret of God.” Besides, Tusi (1957) also calls them “oaths by Allah.”Īli (RA) is quoted as saying in Noorul Qur’an (1994) and Shirazi in (Tafsiril Qur’an, p.13) that these are the special features of Qur’an. 257), alr, haa meem, and noon join to make Al Rehman. if you join them it becomes Al-Rehman (A L R H M, N). Similarly, Ali bin Musa quoted in Tafsir Ibne Ishaq holds, “these are names of Allah in broken form” i.e. in Qurtubi 2003: 132) say, “( ALM) contain the great name of Allah ( isme a‘zam).” Furthermore, Mawardi (d.1058) and Tabrasi (d.550) define, “ (ALM) are the abbreviations of “ Anallaho A ‘lam” (I am the God all knowing).” In addition, Qurtubi translated by Aisha Bewley (2003), it is stated from Ibn Abbas and Ali that separated letters are the greatest Name( Ism-e A ‘zam) of Allah, though we do not know how it is composed from them. A- Allah, L-Lateef (delicate) and M-Majeed (high).” Moreover, Tabrasi (d.550) in ( Majma’ul Bayan), Mawardi (d.1058) (Tafsir Al Mawardi: AH.62) and Bedawi ( Tafsir Bedawi, 1999) and Ibne Aabbas (q. S 42 h a mi:m ayn si:n qa:f/ ha meem ayn seen qaafĪccording toTabari (d.923), “ Alif Lam Meem (ALM) is abbreviation of the names of Allah, i.e. S19 k a:f ha ya: ayn ṣ a:d/ kaaf ha yaa ayn saad S 7 ā lif lam mi:m ṣ a:d/alif lam meem saad ![]() Group 1: individual letters, according to Ali (1993): These letters occur in the beginning of the chapters and are considered part of the text, yet their significance is not clear.Ĭhapters with these abbreviated letters may be classified into five distinct groups (both, IPA and Roman symbols are used here for the readers’ convenience) For example, chapter two ‘Cow’ (Al Baqara, chapter: 2) begins as follows:Īlif Lam meem zalikal kitabu laraiba fihi……….Īlif lam meem, that book without doubt……… In some places, these occur in complete isolation, for instance, ṣ ( ṣ aad), Q (qaaf) and N ( noon) and sometimes together as in alif laam meem, alif lam ra, and H a meem etc. In the Holy Quran, there are twenty nine chapters with separated letters. Ahsan ur Rehman, Supervisor: Professor Peter Sells Morpho-Phonemic Templates in the Qur’anic Text: ALM (Alif Lam Meem)
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